Programs

A transaction is a set of SQL statements that are executed as a single unit of work. It allows multiple changes to be made to the database in a way that ensures data integrity.

A constraint is a rule that is applied to a column in a table to ensure that the data in the column meets certain requirements. There are several types of constraints in SQL, including NOT NULL, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN ...Read more

An index is a data structure that is used to improve the performance of database queries. It is created on one or more columns in a table and allows the database to quickly locate the data that matches the query.When ...Read more

Denormalization is the process of adding redundant data to a database to improve performance. It involves duplicating data in multiple tables to avoid the need for complex joins.When students learn normalization, they understand how important it is to organize data ...Read more

Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity. It involves dividing larger tables into smaller, more manageable tables and creating relationships between them.When students first learn how to design databases, one ...Read more

A join is used to combine data from two or more tables based on a common column or set of columns. There are several types of joins in SQL, including inner join, left join, right join, and full outer join.When ...Read more

A stored procedure is a set of SQL statements that are stored in the database and can be executed by calling the procedure. It is used to perform a specific task or set of tasks. When students first start ...Read more

A subquery is a query that is nested inside another query. It is used to retrieve data that will be used in the main query. When students first learn SQL, they often write simple queries that ask the database ...Read more